Criminology Essays Fingerprints Science Crime

Criminology Essays Fingerprints Science Crime Fingerprints Science Crime â€Å"Discuss the importance of fingerprints within forensic science citing appropriate examples† Fingerprints have always been a form of identification. This is probably the reason why fingerprints have supplanted most methods of identifying criminals that deny ever being arrested or even committing the crime. Identifying fingerprints has become a science and it also stands out to many other forensic sciences ( www.onin.com). The science of fingerprints, has helped many goverments around the world, presenting them with correct discovery of criminals (www.onin.com). There are millions of people on this planet and never have 2 fingerprints been found that are alike within humans and automated computer comparisons (www.onin.com). No 2 humans have the same finger, palm or footprint. These parts of the human body have ridges that are constantly broken up by endings or forks, these are called characteristics (www.south-wales.police.uk). Every person has unique distributions of the characteristics that build up in womb and through out life in general, these characteristics stay the same for a time after death too so it makes identifying a body possible (www.south-wales.police.uk). People have often tried to alter their fingerprints with different methods like cutting their fingerprints, burning the skin with acid but that doesn’t work because, superficial skin damage is repaired by the body so the same ridges come back with the new skin that forms (www.south-wales.police.uk). Fingerprints are formed by our skin and our skin is made out of two layers, dermis and epidermis (www.south-wales.police.uk). The epidermis is a thin layer and it is a protective cover of the dermis which is the thicker layer of skin that contains sweat and sebaceous glands (www.south-wales.police.uk). Now a sweat gland, consists of salt, water and urea and the sebaceous gland releases oils on the skin surface (www.south-wales.police.uk). When we come in contact with something, we leave a mark because of the products that are produced by the glands, resulting in a fingerprint mark (www.south-wales.police.uk). When our fingers are dirty or even oily, then our fingerprints can be visible (www.south-wales.police.uk). When going to a crime scene, you often stumble upon fingerprints. Fingerprints, are very valuable evidence when identifying a suspect. If the prints are in sequence, you can very easily identify the hand or finger of origin. Unfortunately, fingerprints collected at a crime scene are rarely in sequence and customarily incomplete as a consequence, it is very difficult to define which hand left the print. So these types of fingerprints are called latent fingerprints (www.south-wales.police.uk). Now latent fingerprints can be left on all surfaces including skin and there are different ways to detect and make them visible like different powders, alternate lights and lasers (www.south-wales.police.uk). There are more types of prints like visible prints, that are also referred to as patent prints and these prints are apparent to the naked eye because they are normally found in blood or something that would make a mold of the print (www.virtualsciencefair.org). When a finger comes in contact with dirt, ink or grease and then the finger touches a smooth surface then there is a visible impression of the ridge (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Another type of prints are called impressed prints or plastic prints, these prints are basically an indentation that is left in a soft surface like wax, paint or clay, they are visible prints that you can look at and photograph (www.virtualsciencefair.org). There are different patterned fingerprints, one of these is called Arches (www.virtualsciencefair.org). 5 % of fingerprint patterns are arches, the ridges of the skin go from side to side without making a backward turn (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Normally, there is no delta in an arch outline but where there a delta, no re-curving ridge must interfere among the core and delta points (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Even with in patterns, there are pattern, there are four kinds of arch patterns: plain arches, radial arches, ulnar arches and tented arches (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Plain arches have an smooth run of ridges from one area to the other of the outline, no â€Å"major up thrusts† and the ridges go into on one part of the impression, and run out the other with a increase or wave in the middle (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The ridges of radial arches incline towards the thumb; they have one delta and no re-curving ridges (www.virtualsciencefair.org). On ulnar arches, the ridges incline towards the small finger, they also have one delta and no re-curving ridges (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Tented arches have an angle, an up thrust, or two of the three basic characteristics of the loop. They don’t flow the same way that plain arches do and above all have â€Å"significant up thrusts† in the ridges near the middle that position themselves on both sides of a spine towards which the bordering ridges meet and come out to form tents (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Another fingerprint pattern are the Loops, they occur in about 60-70 % of the fingerprint patterns encountered (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The ridge enters on either side of the impression, re-curve, and touches or crosses the line that forms from the delta to the core and finishes on or in the course of the side where the ridge or ridges entered (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Each loop outline has one delta and one core and has a ridge count (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å" Radial loops are named after the radius, a bone in the forearm that joins the hand on the same side as the thumb† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The run of the pattern in radial loops runs in the route of the radius (toward the thumb) (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Radial loops are not very frequent and on most occasions radial loops will be found on the index fingers (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Ulnar loops are named after the ulna, a bone in the forearm† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"The ulna is on the same side as the little finger and the flow of the pattern in a ulnar loop runs in the direction of the ulna (toward the little finger)† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Whorls are found in about 25-35 % of fingerprint patterns dealt with (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"In a whorl, some of the ridges make a turn through at least one circuit† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Any fingerprint outline that has 2 or more deltas is considered a whorl pattern (www.virtualsciencefair.org). There are four types of whorl patterns, Plain whorls that have of one or more ridges which make a complete circuit with two deltas, and causes an imaginary line drawn and at least one re-curving ridge within the inner outline area is cut or touched (www.virtualsciencefair.org).† â€Å"Central pocket loop whorls have at least one re-curving ridge or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow, with two deltas, between which when an imaginary line is drawn, no re-curving ridge within the pattern area is cut or touched† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Central pocket loop whorl ridges make one complete circuit which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Double loop whorls are made of two separate and individual loop formations with two different and distinct shoulders for each core, two deltas and one or more ridges which make, a complete circuit (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Among the two at least one re-curving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut when an imaginary line is drawn† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Accidental whorls are made of two dissimilar types of patterns with the exclusion of the plain arch, they have two or more deltas or a pattern which have some of the requirements for two or more different types (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Crime scene fingerprints need to be matched with fingerprints already in a file, if the suspect has never been convicted, then his fingerprints will not have been recorded so they cant compare them (www.south-wales.police.uk). For this reason, when a suspect is charged, they get fingerprinted and if there are 16 points of similarity with the prints at the crime scene it can be presented in court as evidence (www.south-wales.police.uk). Serious issues of fingerprint fraud have started to come to light; many people have been facing jail time because they have told them that their fingerprints have been found at a crime scene. In 2004 Brandon Mayfield was wrongly accused for the terrorist act in Madrid. They told him that his fingerprints were found on a explosives bag that was used to bomb a train in Madrid which resulted in the loss of 191 lives (www.news.bbc.co.uk). This news was shocking since the prime suspect hadn’t left the country in 10 years and that he had never visited Spain (www.news.bbc.co.uk). The suspect was at the time 38 years old and served 8 years in the military army (www.news.bbc.co.uk). He lived in Portland Oregon U.S.A (www.news.bbc.co.uk). He had never been arrested until the day the F.B.I showed up at his house and took him away (www.news.bbc.co.uk). At the end of this, it was proven that the fingerprint did not belong to Mayfield but to an Algerian man said to have been linked to al-Qaeda (www.news.bbc.co.uk). Fingerprints within forensic science is very important even thought there is a very big debate on whether or not it is the right way to go about crime scenes. We have seen the different types of fingerprints, what they are made from, we have gone through a case where fingerprints where not substantial evidence and put an innocent man in prison for a while. So with this I conclude that fingerprints are important the art of fingerprints just needs to be perfect so that the real criminals get what they deserve. References Hodierne, R. (2004) Military lawyers defend civil liberties [on line]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4066775.stm [Accessed on 15 November 2007] Available from: http://www.south-wales.police.uk/fe/master.asp?n1=8n2=253n3=1028 [Accessed on 13 November 2007] Moore, G. History of fingerprints [on line]. Available from: http://www.onin.com/fp/fphistory.html [Accessed 15 November 2007] Available from: http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2004/fren4j0/public_html/types_prints.htm [Accessed 12 November 2007] Inderjit Singh, P.K. Chattopadhyay and R.K. Garg.(1995). Forensic Science International Volume 152, Issues 2-3, 10 September 2005, Pages 205-208

The Neem Tree: The Village Pharmacy Essay -- Botany

The Neem Tree: The Village Pharmacy The neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (=Melia azadirachta L. and Melia indica Brandis) is known as the Indian lilac or Margosa (Koul, 1990). Neem is a large evergreen tree with a wide trunk, which can grow 12-24 meters tall. The leaves are bright green with 9-15 leaves, oblique at the base or slightly curved, coarsely toothed, with a pointed tip Shodini, 1997). In India, neem flowers from January to April, and fruits mature from May to August (Koul, 1990). The one-seeded neem fruits are yellow when ripe, and are about one inch long (Shodini, 1997). neem is native to the and regions of the Indian subcontinent, was introduced into Africa, and is presently grown in many Asian countries, as well as tropical areas of the New World (Koul, 1990). Neem trees are fast growers, and in three years may grow to 20 feet in height from seed planting. It will grow where rainfall is only 18 inches per year and it thrives in areas of extreme heat up to 120 degrees. Neem trees can live up to 200 years (Conrick). The neem tree's history goes back a long way, with indications it was used in medical treatments about 4,500 years ago. There is evidence found from excavations at Harappa. and Mohenjo-Daro in Northwestern and western India, in which several therapeutic compounds including neem leaves, were gathered in the ruins (Conrick). India's ancient books of knowledge are called the Vedas. Some of the most ancient surviving documents that have been translated, are the Caraka-Samhita (about 500 BC), and the Susruta Samhita (about 300 AD). These books are the foundations of the Indian system of natural healing, or Ayurveda. These texts mention neem in almost 100 entries for treating many diseases whi... ...Association. http://www.ajtsc.coni/neemtree.htm Koul, Opender, et. al. 1990. Properties and uses of neem Azadirachta indica. Canadian Journal of Botany. v68. National Research Council of Canada. McCaleb, Rob. The Original neem Co. neem Ancient Herb From India. http://www.neemaura.com/. Randhawa, 1997. Cyber India Foundation. http://www.neemfoundation.org/ Sharma, Priya Vrat. 1996. Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants. Chaukbambha Visvabharati. Varanasi 1, India. Sharma, S.B. 1997. ( Book Review) The neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous Plants: Sources of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes. International Journal of Nematological Research. E.J. Brill Leiden, The Netherlands. Shodini. 1997. Touch Me, Touch-me-not: Women, Plants and Healing. Kali for Women. New Delhi, India.

Proposed Business Process for a Clinic

Description of Proposed Solution Based on my Interview, observation, questionnaire, and my personal experience of having a treatment In Clan EX., optimization of the current system is proposed. The proposed system will be moving the patients' data from paper base into computer base. As mentioned on the previous chapter, the biggest problem of the current business process in Dental Clinic EX. happened because they are still using paper based for patient data and the patient's membership is heavily depend in a human memory.Therefore, by using computerized system will reduce the human errors that often occur in a business. Moreover, the computerized system will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the time used to find patient's data in the inventory, effort, and Inventory space to keep patients data. Furthermore, by implementing a good system and high technology, the clinic can Increase Its reputation and customers' satisfaction. The concept of the proposed system Is to keep al l patients' data In a database and give a lifetime membership for the patients.The Information system that are covered in the proposed system are Patient Database, Treatment Price, and Transaction Record 81 4. 2. Proposed Business Process 4. 2. 1 . Context Diagram Figure 28. 1 – Context Diagram of Proposed System Figure 4. 1 above shows the differences between the current data flow with the data flow after the new system is proposed. The external agents in this system are still the same (Head of Doctor, Doctor, nurse, administrator, and patient), and they are connected with the Dental Clinic EX. proposed system.In this context diagram, there are significant changes of data flow for the administrator, doctor, and nurse compared to the context diagram before using the proposed system. Here are the comparisons for Admit Current System Proposed System Get appointment request Make schedule for doctors Create or search patient data Create patient data (in database) (paper base), an d give it to nurse. Receive price the treatment from the doctor Create a bill Get the bill from the printer and give it to the patient Record payment Check paper stock to record Check paper for printer patient data Table 4. Comparison of administrator Job Doctor Receive schedule list from the Receive schedule list from the administrator administrator Receive patient data from the Open patient data in database nurse Analyze X-ray result (if any) Update patient data (write the Update patient data (including progress of the treatment) treatment note, price, prescription, and bill) Save the updated X-ray result (if Save the updated X-ray result (if any) any) List all the treatment and price the treatment Create prescription Table 5. 3 Comparison of doctor Job Nurse Receive patient data from the administrator.Give patient data to the doctor. Help patient to get X-ray. Open patient's X-ray result and Open patient's X-ray result and display it in the monitor. Display it in the monitor. Pre pare and check equipments for Prepare and check equipments the treatment. Or the treatment. Give oral report about the quality Give oral report about the quality of the equipments to head of of the equipments to head of doctor. Receive order from head of Receive order from head of doctor about the equipment (order doctor about equipment to get new equipment or call the (order to get new equipment or supplier) Table 6. Comparison of nurse Job By looking at the three tables above, we can see that by using the proposed system, the doctors, nurses, and administrator has fewer Jobs to do. The detail of the data flow in the business process will be explained on the next section about Data Flow Diagram. 4. 2. 2. Data Flow Diagram of Proposed System After implementing the proposed system, there will be some changes in the Data Flow Diagram for treatment process, update patient data, and payment process. The changes of the Data Flow Diagram will be explained on section 4. 2. 2. 1 to section. Data Flow Diagram for Treatment and Update Patient Data Figure 29. 2 DVD for Proposed Treatment and Update Patient Data Figure 4. 2 shows the changes on the process for treatment and update patient data after using the proposed system. After using the proposed system, the DVD has less recess (two processes instead of three) and four external agents; admit, patient, nurse, and doctor. For a new patient, the administrator will input the data in a database when the patient comes to the clinic. After put the data in a database, the patient will get into the treatment room to get treatment, and the doctor will update the data after the treatment.Here is the detail of the treatment process: Process 1 – Update Patient Database Administrator updates the database by creating new patient data. Before do the treatment process, the doctor will load patient data, and X-ray result (if any) to be analyzed. Then update the data after finish the treatment process (after process 2). Process 2 – Do Treatment Process While the doctor is analyzing patient data, the nurse will prepare the equipment for the doctor to do the treatment. After the nurse finished the preparation, the doctor will begin the treatment process.If it is needed to have an X-ray to see the problem clearly, the nurse will help the patient in doing the Gray. When the treatment process is done, the doctor will update patient's data. Update in here means write patient medical history (treatment note), create a prescription, and create a bill for the customer. 89 . 2. 2. 2. Data Flow Diagram for Payment System and Record Transaction Diagram O Treatment list pant Bill record Patient Do transaction Payment Pay bill Figure 30. 3 DVD for Proposed Payment System The picture above shows the Data Flow Diagram for payment system, and record the transaction in a database.This DVD consists of two processes (print bill and pay bill), and three actors (doctor, admit, and patient). After the treatment, the doctor will print the bill. The bill will be printed in double paper. The copy of the bill is for the patient, and the original bill is for the administrator. Administrator will receive the rented bill, after that patient will pay the bill. Here is the detail of the DVD for proposed payment system: Process 1 – Print Bill In this process, doctor tick all treatments given to the patient by using the new application, and insert the price of each treatment, then print the bill.The bill will be printed at the administrator's desk and in a double paper, the copy of the bill is for the patient, and the actual bill is for the Process 2 – Pay Bill After receive the bill, patient will do transaction with the administrator to pay the bill. The payment can be done by using credit card with VISA and Master Card logo, debit BCC, or by cash. 1 4. 2. 2. 3. Data Flow Diagram for Prescription Prescription Update Database Figure 31. 4 Data Flow Diagram for create prescription Figure above shows the process of creating a prescription for a patient.The DVD consists of three actors (doctor, administrator, and patient) and one process (update patient database). The process of creating a prescription is called update patient database because the prescription is saved in a bundle with patient data. 92 Here are the details of DVD for create prescription: After the treatment, the doctor will use the application to create a prescription for the patient, and then print the prescription. The prescription will be printed on the administrator desk. After that, the administrator will give the prescription to the patient. 93 4. 3.Systems Flowchart For Business Process with The Proposed System Figure 4. 5 shows the business process of Dental Clinic EX. after using the proposed system. When the patient come to the clinic, the administrator will check whether the patient has the data in the database or not. If the patient does not have a data in a database, the administrator will ask him o r her to get information to create a new data for that patient. For regular patient, his or her data will be loaded by the doctor n the treatment room (in the current system, patient data moves from administrator to nurse, and nurse will hand it over to the doctor).The treatment process is still the same with the current system, but the process in updating patient data is different. In the current system, after the treatment, the doctor will update patient data (in paper), list all treatments and price the treatments, and then give the paper to the administrator. After that, the administrator will create a bill. If the patient needs a prescription, the doctor will write a prescription, and give the prescription to the administrator. In the new system, the doctor can create bill and prescription in the treatment room.

Hurt Love Quotes

When a heart breaks, it screams out in pain. You may not hear an audible  cry, but the silence is deafening. Betrayal is a bitter pill. The bitterness lingers, stifling out happiness and peace. Have you been hurt in love? Did you encounter a bad breakup or betrayal? Do you feel unloved? You are not alone. Many people have experienced nasty heartbreak. Many spend their entire life nursing the wound, and never daring to love again. People who were betrayed are wary of relationships. They shy away from commitment and companionship. Heartbroken lovers build an impenetrable shell around themselves. They yearn for true love but do not want to take a risk. This negative approach leaves them desolate. The passion finds its vent in other ways. Some turn workaholic; others find solace in various forms of addiction. On the surface, they may appear normal, but deep inside they are hurting. So, how do you mend a broken heart? How do you bounce back from a broken relationship? Is it possible to find love? The truth is that broken hearts can be mended. It depends on your attitude. If you allow the hurt to affect your psyche, the damage can be irreparable. However, if you prevent the hurt from damaging your spirit, you can bounce back. It is important that you forgive yourself, and accept the breakup as an important milestone. Cherish the wonderful memories and move on. Life has plenty of wonderful opportunities in store. You can utilize those opportunities only if you choose to move on. Look back with fondness, not with regret. Dont carry the burden of remorse in your heart. If you can recognize the manifestations of hurt, you can heal quickly. Hurt often manifests itself in rage. In Vanna Bontas words, Anger is a wound gone mad. She rightly correlated hurt with uncontrolled anger. If you appreciate the wisdom in her words, you can check your anger. Quotes for a Hurting Heart To help cope with hurt, here are some hurt love quotes. While some of the quotes encourage you to pick up the threads and start afresh, others help ease the pain. T. E. KalemA final comfort that is small, but not cold: The heart is the only broken instrument that works. Steve MaraboliA broken heart bleeds tears. Vanna BontaAnger is a wound gone mad. Christina Georgina RossettiBetter by far you should forget and smile than that you should remember and be sad. Dennis BrownCertain songs by hearing the rhythm, it tells you that is either a love song or you might be heartbroken or the songs give you the vibes and you just know that certain songs are militant that you have to write. Jennifer AnistonThe greater your capacity to love, the greater your capacity to feel the pain. Kahlil GibranThe silence that guards the tomb does not reveal Gods secret in the obscurity of the coffin, and the rustling of the branches whose roots suck the bodys elements do not tell the mysteries of the grave, by the agonized sighs of my heart announce to the living the drama which love, beauty, and death have performed. Amanda Howells, The Summer of Skinny DippingThe surest way to hurt yourself is to give up on love, just because it didnt work out the first time. OshoThis pain is not to make you sad, remember. Thats where people go on missing. This pain is just to make you more alert -- because people become alert only when the arrow goes deep into their heart and wounds them. Otherwise they dont become alert. When life is easy, comfortable, convenient, who cares? Who bothers to become alert? When a friend dies, there is a possibility. When your woman leaves you alone -- those dark nights, you are lonely. You have loved that woman so much and you have staked all, and then suddenly one day she is gone. Crying in your loneliness, those are the occasions when, if you use them, you can become aware. The arrow is hurting: it can be used. The pain is not to make you miserable, the pain is to make you more aware! And when you are aware, misery disappears. Holly BlackThose who really love you dont mean to hurt you and if they do, you cant see it in their eyes but it hurts them too. Mary Manin MorrisseyWe take a risk when we open our hearts because the truth is, if we open our hearts, we will get hurt. You cant open your heart and not have some hurt because youre in a human experience. Even if its the love of your life and you have many wonderful, deepening, growing, powerful years together, its a human experience and that person will pass over. Love takes courage. Be courageous. Marian Keyes, The Other Side of the StoryWhy cant we love the right people? What is so wrong with us that we rush into situations to which we are manifestly unsuited, which will hurt us and others? Why are we given emotions which we cannot control and which move in exact contradiction to what we really want? we are walking conflicts, internal battles on legs. Britney SpearsWith love, you should go ahead and take the risk of getting hurt, because love is an amazing feeling. Algernon Charles SwinburneYet leave me not; yet, if thou wilt, be free;/Love me no more, but love my love of thee. JavanLove can sometimes be magic. But magic can sometimes just be an illusion. Michael ToddLove hurts more than hate. Anais NinLove never dies a natural death. It dies because we dont know how to replenish its source. It dies of blindness and errors and betrayals. It dies of illness and wounds; it dies of weariness, of withering, of tarnishing. Ashleigh BrilliantThe difference between friendship and love is how much you can hurt each other. Uniek SwainThe flame of love is now just a cold loneliness. William W. PurkeyYouve gotta dance like theres nobody watching, Love like youll never be hurt, Sing like theres nobody listening, And live like its heaven on earth.